Required Reading

The required textbook for this course is H. Miall, O. Ramsbotham, and T. Woodhouse (1999). Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Cambridge: Polity Press (henceforth referred to as Conflict). It is available in the University bookshop in paperback at £14.99. See the Centre’s website (http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/confres/). For further information and research links which support this course.

NB: Where appropriate, recommended websites are noted. Many of these have downloadable publications and should prove useful to you in deepening your reading and understanding. They also provide a good view of the different ways in which conflict resolution organisations operate.

Suggested General Reading

Bercovitch, J. (ed.)(1996). Resolving International Conflicts: The Theory and Practice of Mediation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Bloomfield, D. (1997). Peacemaking Strategies in Northern Ireland: Building Complementarity in Conflict Management Theory. London: Macmillan.

Burton, J.W. and F. Dukes (eds) (1990). Conflict: Readings in Management and Resolution, Vol. 3. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (1997). Preventing Deadly Conflict. Washington DC: Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Crocker, C., Hampson, F. and Aall, P. (1999) Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in A Complex World, Washington DC, USIP Press.

Curle, A. (1995). Another Way: Positive Response to Contemporary Violence. Oxford: John Carpenter.

European Centre for Conflict Prevention (1999). People Building Peace: 35 Inspiring Stories from Around the World. Utrecht: European Centre for Conflict Prevention.

Fisher, R.J. (1997). Interactive Conflict Resolution. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Harris, P. and B. Reilly (eds)(1998). Democracy and Deep-Rooted Conflict: Options for Negotiators. Stockholm: IDEA.

Lederach, P. (1997). Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: USIP Press.

Lund, M. (1996). Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy. Washington, DC: USIP Press

Mitchell, C. and M. Banks (1996). Handbook of Conflict Resolution: the Analytic Problem Solving Approach. London: Cassell

Reimann, Cordula (1999). The Field of Conflict Management: Why Does Gender Matter? AFB-TEXTE No. 4/99. Bonn: Information Unit Peace Research Bonn.

Sandole, D.J.D. and H. van der Merwe (eds) (1993). Conflict Resolution Theory and Practice: Integration and Application. Manchester: Manchester University Press

Zartman, W. and J. Rasmussen (eds) (1997). Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press

WEEK 1: 29th January

Introduction to the Course

Understanding Conflict Resolution: History and Ideas

Additional Reading

§ ‘The development of the conflict resolution field’, L. Kriesberg, Chapter 2, in Zartman and Rasmussen, (1977)

§ ‘Making Peace: the Work of Adam Curle’, in T. Woodhouse, Peacemaking in a Troubled World’, Berg, Publishers: Oxford, 1990, Chapter 1.

§ World Encyclopedia of Peace, entries on ‘Peace Studies’, ‘Peace Research Institutes’, ‘Conflict Resolution’, and ‘Problem Solving’.

(Recommended website: www.transcend.org - this is centered very much on the work and approach of Johan Galtung, one of the founders of peace research, and gives a good idea of Galtung’s analysis of many current conflict, including the ‘war on terror’)

WEEK 2: 5^th February

Defining and Analysing Major Armed Conflict: War Zones and Cultures of Violence

Key Reading

§ Conflict Chapter 3, pp. 68-76.

§ Keen, D. (1998), ‘The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil Wars’, IISS, Adelphi Paper 320

Additional Reading

§ Conflict, Chapter 5, pp. 129-133

§ Azar, E. and Moon, C. (eds) (1986). “Managing Protracted Social Conflicts in the Third World: Facilitation and Development Diplomacy.” Millennium, 15(3), pp. 393-406.

§ Berdal, M. and Malone, D. (eds.) (2000) Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Lynne Rienner, Boulder and London.

§ Kaldor, M. (1999) New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press

§ Nordstrom, C. (1992). 'The Backyard Front', in C. Nordstrom and J. Martin (eds). The Paths to Domination, Resistance and Terror. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 260-271

§ Nordstrom, C. (1994). 'Warzones: Cultures of Violence, Militarisation and Peace', Working Paper No. 145. Canberra: Peace Research Centre, The Australian National University

§ Wallensteen, P. and M. Sollenberg (1999). 'Armed Conflict, 1989-1998', Journal of Peace Research. 36(5):593-606

Recommended websites: University of Maryland Centre for International Development and Conflict Management (CICDM), www.cidcm.umd.edu , then click on ‘Read more’ within the mission statement box. This will take you to the Minorities at Risk Project, which takes an approach to conflict analysis similar to that of Edward Azar, who was also based at the University of Maryland. Edward Azar (1938-1991) was the founding director of CICDM

Also see the University of Ulster’s INCORE project, at www.incore.ulst.ac.uk

WEEK 3: 12^th February

Conflict Prevention

Key Reading

§ Conflict, Chapter 4, pp. 95-127

Additional Reading

§ Lund, M, Early Warning and Preventive Diplomacy’, in Managing Global Chaos Chap. 26

§ Lund, M. ‘Underrating Preventive Diplomacy’, Foreign Affairs, July/August 1995

§ Lund, M. Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy Washington DC, USIP, 1996

§ Stedman, S. ‘Alchemy for a New World Order: Overselling ‘Preventive Diplomacy’’, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995

§ Touval, S. ‘Lessons for Preventive Diplomacy in Former Yugoslavia’, Managing Global Chaos, Chap. 27

§ M. van der Stoel, ‘The Role of the OSCE High Commissioner in Conflict Prevention’, in Crocker et.al. Herding Cats, pp. 65-84.

Recommended websites: The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict presented its findings in 1999. Reports and research produced by the Commission, including the full final report, are available at www.ccpdc.org . The EU has become a very important player in conflict prevention. It established the Conflict Prevention Network , see www.swp-berlin.org/cpn /, which has recently been superseded by Conflict Prevention Associates at www.conflict-prevention-associates.org/

WEEK 4: 19^th February

Mediation: Definitions and Types of Mediation

Key Reading

§ Conflict, pp. 51-53, on Adam Curle and mediation

§ Crocker, C & F. Hampson and P.Aall (eds)(1999). Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

§ this collection includes ‘Multiparty Mediation and the Conflict Cycle’ (Crocker, Hampson and Aall, pp. 19-45); ‘Rising to the Challenge of Multiparty Mediation’, (Crocker, Hampson and Aall, pp. 665-700)

Additional Reading

§ Bloomfield, D. (1997). Peacemaking Strategies in Northern Ireland: Building Complementarity in Conflict Management Theory. London: Macmillan.

§ Curle, A. (1990). Tools for Transformation-a personal study. Stroud,

Hawthorn Press.pp. 22-96

§ Curle, A. (1995). Another Way: A positive response to contemporary violence.

Oxford, Jon Carpenter, pp. 64-100

§ Curle, A. In the Middle: Non Official Mediation in Violent Situations, Oxford; Berg, 1986

§ People Building Peace, European Centre for Conflict Prevention, Utrecht, 1999, pp. 286-296.

§ Yarrow, C.H. 1978: Quaker Experiences in International Conciliation. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.

Recommended websites: For mediation and the way it relates to a variety of other peacemaking strategies, see the United States Institute for Peace website at www.usip.org . This is a very rich resource to support your work. Similarly the International Crisis Group provides an excellent range of conflict analysis at www.crisisweb.org

WEEK 5: 26th February

Contingency and Complementarity in Conflict Resolution

Key Reading

§ Fisher, R.J. and Keashly, L. (1991). “The potential complementarity in mediation and consultation within a contingency model of third-party intervention”. Journal of Peace Research. 28(1): 29-42.

§ Keashly, L. and R. J. Fisher (1996). “A contingency perspective on conflict interventions: theoretical and practical considerations”. In J. Bercovich, Resolving International Conflicts: the Theory and Practice of Mediation. Boulder, Lynne Rienner: 235-63.

Additional Reading

§ Byrne, S. and L. Keashly (2000). “Working with ethno-political conflict: a multi-modal approach” In T. Woodhouse and O. Ramsbotham, Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution. London, Franck Cass: 97-120.

§ Bloomfield, D. (1997). Peace making Strategies in Northern Ireland: Building Complementarity in Conflict Management Theory. London, Macmillan.

§ Fetherston, A. B. (1993). Toward a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping. Bradford, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford.

§ Hoffman, M. (1992). “Third-party mediation and conflict resolution in the post-Cold War world”. In Baylis and Rengger, Dilemmas of World Politics: International Issues in a Changing World: 261-286.

§ Laue, J. and G. Cormick (1978). “The ethics of intervention in community disputes” In G. Bermant, H. C. Kelman and D. P. Warwick, The Ethics of Social Intervention. Washington, Halsted: 205-232.

§ Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, U.S. Institute of Peace.

§ Reimann, C. (2000). “Assessing the state-of-the-art in conflict management; reflections from a theoretical perspective”. Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, available online on www.berghof-center/handbook/

Recommended websites: Established in 1992, the mission of the Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy is to promote a systems approach to peacebuilding and to facilitate the transformation of deep-rooted social conflict. Go to www.imtd.org The winner of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, ex US President Carter, achieved his award for his contribution to conflict resolution, through the Carter Center, www.cartercentger.org

Also see www.colorado/edu/conflict/ the website of the Conflict Research Consortium at the University of Colorado. This includes links to the Transformative Approach to Conflict, www.colorado.edu/conflict/transform and to www.crinfo.org

WEEK 6: READING WEEK

WEEK 7: 11^th March

The History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Reading:

§ Bailey S.D, Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process, (London, Macmillan, 1990)

§ Chomsky, The Fateful Triangle, (London, Pluto Press, 1983)

§ Flapan S., The Birth of Israel, Myths and Realities, (New York, Pantheon Books, 1987)

§ Fromkin D., A Peace to End all Peace, (London, Penguin, 1989)

§ Hirst D., The Gun and the Olive Branch, (London, Faber and Faber, 1977, 1984)

§ McDowall D., The Palestinians: the Road to Nationhood, (London, Minority Rights Publications, 1994)

§ Ovendale R., The Origins of the Arab-Israeli War, (London, Longman, 1984)

WEEK 8: 18th March

Mediation in the Middle East: The Oslo Process

Key Reading

§ Conflict, pp.173-177

Additional Reading

§ Corbin J., Gaza First: The Secret Norway Channel to Peace Between Israel and the PLO, (Bloomsbury, London, 1994)

§ In Crocker, Hampson and Aall,

§ ‘The Oslo Accord: Multiparty Facilitation through the Norwegian Channel’, (Jan Egeland, pp. 527-546)

§ ‘The Road To Madrid’ (James A. Baker, pp. 183-206)

§ Kriesberg L., ‘Mediation and the Transformation of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict’, Journal of Peace Research, (Vol.38, No. 3, 2001), pp. 373-392.

§ Savir U., The Process: 1,100 Days that Changed the Middle East, (Vintage Books/Random House, New York, 1998)

§ Said E., The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After, (Granta Books, London, 2000)

§ Finkelstein N., “Oslo: The Last Stage of Conquest”, News for Within, (Vol. 14, No. 7, August 1998)

§ Michels J., “National Vision and the Negotiation of Narratives: The Oslo Agreement”, the Journal of Palestine Studies, (Vol. 24, no. 1, Autumn 1994)

§ Burr V., An Introduction to Social Constructionism, (Routledge, London, 1995)

Recommended websites: There are a variety of websites on the Middle East and the Israeli Palestinian conflict in particular. See www.miftah.org (MIFTAH means ‘Key’, in Arabic). Also PASSIA www.passia.org which is the Palestine Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. Finally try www.bitterlemons.org which is a website that presents Israeli and Palestinian viewpoints. It focuses on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and peace process, but other, related regional issues are also discussed. It is produced, edited and partially written by Ghassan Khatib, a Palestinian, and Yossi Alpher, an Israeli and balances Israeli and Palestinian perspectives.

WEEK 9: 22^nd April

Developing Cultures of Peace: Neve Shalom and Corrymeela

Key reading: Conflict, pp. 177-183 (on Northern Ireland),

Reading:

§ Darby J., Scorpions in a Bottle: Conflict Cultures in Northern Ireland, (London, Minority Rights Publication, 1998)

§ Lederach J.P, The Journey Toward Reconciliation, (Herald Press, 1999)

§ Lederach J.P, Preparing for Peace, Conflict Transformation Across Cultures, (Syracuse University Press, 1995)

§ Lederach J.P., Building Peace, Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, (Washington DC, U.S Institute of Peace, 1997)

· Curle A., “New Challenges for Citizen Peacemaking” in Medicine and War, (Vol. 10, No. 2, April-June 1994)

§ Curle A., Tools for Transformation, (Hawthorn Press, 1990)

§ Curle A., To Tame the Hydra, Undermining the Culture of Violence, (Oxford, Jon Carpenter, 1999)

§ Curle A., Another Way, Positive Response to Contemporary Violence, (Oxford, Jon Carpenter, 1995)

§ Davey R., The Channel of Peace: The Story of the Corrymeela Community, (London, Marshall Pickering, 1993)

§ Davey R., Take Away This Hate: The Story of a Search for Community, (Belfast, Corrymeela Press, 1985)

§ McReary A., Corrymeela: the Search for Peace, (Belfast, Christian Journals Ltd, 1975)

§ Morrow, D. & Wilson, D., Ways out of Conflict: Resources for Community Relations Work (Ireland, Understanding Conflict Trust)

§ Whyte J., Interpreting Northern Ireland, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990)

Recommended websites: The Corrymeela Community Website: www.corrymeela.org The Neve Shalom Website: www.nswas.com

Week 10: 29^th April

Reconciliation in Divided Societies

Key Reading

§ Conflict, pp. 206-215+

Additional Reading

§ People Building Peace: 35 Inspiring Stories from Around the World, (Utrecht: European Centre for Conflict Prevention, 1999)

§ Lederach, P., Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, (Washington, DC: USIP Press, 1997)

§ Lederach, P., The Journey Toward Reconciliation, (Herald Press, Scottdale PA, 1999)

§ Irani G., “Rituals of Reconciliation: Arab-Islamic Perspectives”, Mind and Human Interaction, (Vol. 11, No. 4, 2000)

§ Glass C., Tribes with Flags, (London, Secker & Warburg, 1990)

Recommended website: John Paul Lederach is a leading theorist and practitioner of reconciliation and post conflict peacebuilding. Although now at Notre Dame University, he developed much of his thinking at the Eastern Mennonite University, where he built up the Conflict Transformation Program: see www.emu.edu/ctp/ which has good resources including a series of articles on September 11. The CTP newsletter is also available online. Note that Eastern Mennonite University is inspired by Christian pacifist ideals, as is Lederach’s approach to peacemaking.

WEEK 11: 6th May

The Role of Local Peace Constituencies in Peacebuilding

Key Reading

§ Conflict, pp. 15-19; pp. 194-215

Additional Reading

§ Bennet J. (ed.), Meeting Needs – NGO Coordination in Practice, (London, Earthscan, 1995)

§ Curle, A. (1990). Tools for Transformation-a personal study. Stroud,

Hawthorn Press.

§ Curle, A. (1992). Another Way: A positive response to contemporary violence.

Oxford, Jon Carpenter, pp. 110-131

§ Curle A., “New Challenges for Citizen Peacemaking” in Medicine and War, (Vol. 10, No. 2, April-June 1994)

§ Francis, D. (2002). People, Peace and Power. London, Pluto Press. (chapter 8)

§ Kruhonja, K., Ed. (2000). I Choose Life: Building a Democratic Society Based

on the Culture of Non-Violence-Post-War Peace Building in Eastern Croatia.

Osijek, Croatia, Centre for Peace, Osijek.

§ Goodhand, J. and N. Lewer (1999). 'Sri Lanka: NGOs and Peace-Building in Complex Political Emergencies', Third World Quarterly. 20 (1): 69-87

§ Kumar, K. (ed.)(1997). Rebuilding Societies After Civil War: Critical Roles for International Assistance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

§ Large, J. The War Next Door: 'A Study of Second Track Interventions During the War in Ex-Yugoslavia', Hawthorn Press, Stroud, 1997.

§ Paris, R. (1997), “Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism”, International Security, 22 (2): 54-89

§ Woodhouse, T. ‘Peacebuilding from Below’, World Encyclopaedia of Peace

WEEK 12: 13^th May

Memory, Truth and Justice: Coming to Terms with the Past

Recommended Readings:

Cohen, S. (2001), States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering, (Cambridge: Polity Press). Chapter 9: “Digging up Graves, Opening up Wounds”, pp. 222- 248.

Hayner, P. B. (2001), Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and Atrocity, (London: Routledge). Chapter Two: “Confronting Past Crimes”, pp. 10 – 23; Chapter Three: “Why a Truth Commission?”, pp. 24 – 31.

Mani, R. (2002), Beyond Retribution: Seeking Justice in the Shadows of War, (Cambridge: Polity Press). Chapter One: “Three Dimensions of Justice in Post-conflict Peacebuilding”, pp. 3-22.

Minow, M. (1998) Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence, (Boston: Beacon Press).

Rigby, A. (2001) Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence, (London: Lynne Reiner).

Summerfield, D. (1998) “The Social Experience of War and Some Issues for the Humanitarian Field”, in; Braken, P and Petty, C. (1998) Rethinking the Trauma of War, (London: Free Association Books).

Mertus, J. (2000), “Truth in a Box: The Limits of Justice through Judicial Mechanisms”, in; Amadiume, I. and An-Na’im, A. (2000) The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice, (London: Zed Books).

Recommended websites: About Kosovo, but of general interest, too, the Archives of Memory website is now accessible at the address http://www.kosovomemory.iom.int/.  This site brings together the materials gathered under the programme Psychosocial and Trauma Response implemented in Kosovo by IOM since December 1999. The documents preserved in the Archives of Memory consist of letter, diaries, drawing, interviews and pictures, all of which yield different accounts on the experience of war and forced migration and can therefore facilitate the sociocultural contextualisation of the trauma suffered by Kosovar people. The Truth and Justice Commission, the major tool and process for reconciliation in South Africa, also has a website at www.doj.gov.za/trc/ which has extensive resources, including the full report of the TRC.